Depreciation Rates as per Companies Act 2013 (Derived based on Useful Life)

Companies Act 2013 does not provide the rates of the Depreciation, instead it provides, in Schedule II Part C, the useful life based on which the asset needs to be depreciated. The depreciation rates can be derived based on prescribed useful life for 15 classes of assets listed in Schedule II Part C of the Companies Act 2013. This write up explains the formula for rate derivation as well as the derived rates.

Table of Contents

    Note – This is a dynamic content and will be updated from time to time for the applicable amendments. Any corrections or suggestions or inputs or support are welcome from the reader either by filing the form at the end of this wonderful post or through the mail at hello@fiscalnow.com

    A. Depreciation Rate as per Companies Act 2013 (Derived based on Useful Life)

    Nature of assets

    Useful Life
    (In Years)

    SLM Rate
    (In %)

    WDV Rate
    (In %)

    I. Buildings [NESD]

    (a) Buildings (other than factory buildings) RCC Frame Structure

    60.00

    1.58

    4.87

    (b) Buildings (other than factory buildings) other than RCC Frame Structure

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (c) Factory buildings

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (d) Fences, wells, tube wells

    5.00

    19.00

    45.07

    (e) Others (including temporary structure, etc.)

    3.00

    31.67

    63.16

    II. Bridges, culverts, bunders, etc. [NESD]

    Bridges, culverts, bunders, etc. [NESD]

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    III. Roads [NESD]

    (a) Carpeted roads

    (i) Carpeted Roads-RCC

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    (ii) Carpeted Roads-other than RCC

    5.00

    19.00

    45.07

    (b) Non-carpeted roads

    3.00

    31.67

    63.16

    IV. Plant and Machinery

    (i) General rate applicable to plant and machinery not covered under special plant and machinery

    (a) Plant and Machinery other than continuous process plant not covered under specific industries

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    (b) continuous process plant for which no special rate has been prescribed under (ii) below [NESD]

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (ii) Special Plant and Machinery

    (a) Plant and Machinery related to production and exhibition of Motion Picture Films

    1. Cinematograph films—Machinery used in the production and exhibition of cinematograph films, recording and reproducing equipments, developing machines, printing machines, editing machines, synchronizers and studio lights except bulbs

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    2. Projecting equipment for exhibition of films

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    (b) Plant and Machinery used in glass manufacturing

    1. Plant and Machinery except direct fire glass melting furnaces — Recuperative and regenerative glass melting furnaces

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    2. Plant and Machinery except direct fire glass melting furnaces — Moulds [NESD]

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    3. Float Glass Melting Furnaces [NESD]

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    (c) Plant and Machinery used in mines and quarries—Portable underground machinery and earth moving machinery used in open cast mining [NESD]

    Plant and Machinery used in mines and quarries—Portable underground machinery and earth moving machinery used in open cast mining [NESD]

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    (d) Plant and Machinery used in Telecommunications [NESD]

    1. Towers

    18.00

    5.28

    15.33

    2. Telecom transceivers, switching centres, transmission and other network equipment

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    3. Telecom—Ducts, Cables and optical fibre

    18.00

    5.28

    15.33

    4. Satellites

    18.00

    5.28

    15.33

    (e) Plant and Machinery used in exploration, production and refining oil and gas [NESD]

    1. Refineries

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    2. Oil and gas assets (including wells), processing plant and facilities

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    3. Petrochemical Plant

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    4. Storage tanks and related equipment

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    5. Pipelines

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    6. Drilling Rig

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    7. Field operations (above ground) Portable boilers, drilling tools, well-head tanks, etc.

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    8. Loggers

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    (f) Plant and Machinery used in generation, transmission and distribution of power [NESD]

    1. Thermal/ Gas/ Combined Cycle Power Generation Plant

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    2. Hydro Power Generation Plant

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    3. Nuclear Power Generation Plant

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    4. Transmission lines, cables and other network assets

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    5. Wind Power Generation Plant

    22.00

    4.32

    12.73

    6. Electric Distribution Plant

    35.00

    2.71

    8.20

    7. Gas Storage and Distribution Plant

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    8. Water Distribution Plant including pipelines

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (g) Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of steel

    1. Sinter Plant

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    2. Blast Furnace

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    3. Coke ovens

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    4. Rolling mill in steel plant

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    5. Basic oxygen Furnace Converter

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (h) Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of non-ferrous metals

    1. Metal pot line [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    2. Bauxite crushing and grinding section [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    3. Digester Section [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    4. Turbine [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    5. Equipments for Calcination [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    6. Copper Smelter [NESD]

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    7. Roll Grinder

    40.00

    2.38

    7.22

    8. Soaking Pit

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    9. Annealing Furnace

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    10. Rolling Mills

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    11. Equipments for Scalping, Slitting , etc. [NESD]

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    12. Surface Miner, Ripper Dozer, etc., used in mines

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    13. Copper refining plant [NESD]

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (i) Plant and Machinery used in medical and surgical operations [NESD]

    1. Electrical Machinery, X-ray and electrotherapeutic apparatus and accessories thereto, medical, diagnostic equipments, namely, Cat-scan, Ultrasound Machines, ECG Monitors, etc.

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    2. Other Equipments.

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    (j) Plant and Machinery used in manufacture of pharmaceuticals and chemicals [NESD]

    1. Reactors

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    2. Distillation Columns

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    3. Drying equipments/Centrifuges and Decanters

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    4. Vessel/storage tanks

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    (k) Plant and Machinery used in civil construction

    1. Concreting, Crushing, Piling Equipments and Road Making Equipments

    12.00

    7.92

    22.09

    2. Heavy Lift Equipments—

    Cranes with capacity of more than 100 tons

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    Cranes with capacity of less than 100 tons

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    3. Transmission line, Tunneling Equipments [NESD]

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    4. Earth-moving equipments

    9.00

    10.56

    28.31

    5. others including Material Handling /Pipeline/Welding Equipments [NESD]

    12.00

    7.92

    22.09

    (l) Plant and Machinery used in salt works [NESD]

    Plant and Machinery used in salt works [NESD]

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    V. Furniture and fittings [NESD]

    (i) General furniture and fittings

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    (ii) Furniture and fittings used in hotels, restaurants and boarding houses, schools, colleges and other educational institutions, libraries; welfare centres; meeting halls, cinema houses; theatres and circuses; and furniture and fittings let out on hire for use on the occasion of marriages and similar functions.

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    VI. Motor Vehicles [NESD]

    1. Motor cycles, scooters and other mopeds

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    2. Motor buses, motor lorries, motor cars and motor taxies used in a business of running them on hire

    6.00

    15.83

    39.30

    3. Motor buses, motor lorries and motor cars other than those used in a business of running them on hire

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    4. Motor tractors, harvesting combines and heavy vehicles

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    5. Electrically operated vehicles including battery powered or fuel cell powered vehicles

    8.00

    11.88

    31.23

    VII. Ships [NESD]

    1. ocean-going ships

    (i) Bulk Carriers and liner vessels

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (ii) Crude tankers, product carriers and easy chemical carriers with or without conventional tank coatings.

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    (iii) Chemicals and Acid Carriers:

    (a) With Stainless steel tanks

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (b) With other tanks

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    (iv) Liquified gas carriers

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (v) Conventional large passenger vessels which are used for cruise purpose also

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (vi) Coastal service ships of all categories

    30.00

    3.17

    9.50

    (vii) Offshore supply and support vessels

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    (viii) Catamarans and other high speed passenger for ships or boats

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    (ix) Drill ships

    25.00

    3.80

    11.29

    (x) Hovercrafts

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    (xi) Fishing vessels with wooden hull

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    (xii) Dredgers, tugs, barges, survey launches and other similar ships used mainly for dredging purposes

    14.00

    6.79

    19.26

    2. Vessels ordinarily operating on inland waters—

    (i) Speed boats

    13.00

    7.31

    20.58

    (ii) Other vessels

    28.00

    3.39

    10.15

    VIII. Aircrafts or Helicopters [NESD]

    Aircrafts or Helicopters [NESD]

    20.00

    4.75

    13.91

    IX. Railways sidings, locomotives, rolling stocks, tramways and railways used by concerns, excluding railway concerns [NESD]

    Railways sidings, locomotives, rolling stocks, tramways and railways used by concerns, excluding railway concerns [NESD]

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    X. Ropeway structures [NESD]

    Ropeway structures [NESD]

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    XI. Office equipment [NESD]

    Office equipment [NESD]

    5.00

    19.00

    45.07

    XII. Computers and data processing units [NESD]

    (i) Servers and networks

    6.00

    15.83

    39.30

    (ii) End user devices, such as, desktops, laptops, etc.

    3.00

    31.67

    63.16

    XIII. Laboratory equipment [NESD]

    (i) General laboratory equipment

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    (ii) Laboratory equipments used in educational institutions

    5.00

    19.00

    45.07

    XIV. Electrical Installations and Equipment [NESD]

    Electrical Installations and Equipment [NESD]

    10.00

    9.50

    25.89

    XV. Hydraulic works, pipelines and sluices [NESD]

    Hydraulic works, pipelines and sluices [NESD]

    15.00

    6.33

    18.10

    • RoC / MCA Compliance for the companies under IBC are governed by the MCA General Circular No. 08/2020 dated 06th March 2020.

    B. How SLM Depreciation Rate as per Companies Act 2013 is Derived based on Useful Life?

    SLM* Depreciation Rate = {1-(S/C)}/n*100

    Where,

    S = Residual / Scrap Value
    C = Cost or WDV, as the case may be
    N = Remaining Useful Life

    *In case of SLM method of depreciation, if the asset is assumed to be purchased at the beginning of the Financial Year and the useful life represented in the number of years is whole number or integer number , then the depreciation for every FY will be same throughout the useful life.

    Bonus Tip – You can try the above formula in excel as it is just by replacing curl & box bracket with the normal bracket

    C. How WDV Depreciation Rate as per Companies Act 2013 is Derived based on Useful Life?

    WDV Depreciation Rate = {1-[(S/C)^(1/n)]}*100

    Where,

    S = Residual / Scrap Value
    C = Cost or WDV, as the case may be
    N = Remaining Useful Life

    Bonus Tip – You can try the above formula in excel as it is just by replacing curl & box bracket with the normal bracket

    D. Comparison of Calculation of Depreciation as per SLM & WDV

    Illustration 1 – Asset Purchases at the beginning of the FY and the Residual Value has been assumed at 5% of the cost of the asset

    Asset Cost (C)
    (In Rupees)
    1,10,000.00
    Residual Value
    (Assumed 5%) (S)
    (In Rupees)
    5,500.00
    Useful Life
    (In Years) (n)
    10
    Asset Addition Date01-04-2023
    Asset Life Ends At31-03-2033
    DepreciationSLMWDV
    Formula for computing the Rate{1-(S/C)}/n*100{1-[(S/C)^(1/n)]}*100
    Rate9.525.88655509
    Assumptions, If Any1. Asset Purchase at the beginning of the Year i.e., on 01/04/2023
    2. The Salvage Value / Residual Value is assumed at the Rate of 5% of Total Cost of Asset
    Year EndingCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on (C)
    Carrying AmountCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on WDV / Carrying Amount Immediately Preceding FY
    Carrying Amount
    FY 2023-2410,450.0099,550.0028,475.2181,524.79
    FY 2024-2510,450.0089,100.0021,103.9660,420.83
    FY 2025-2610,450.0078,650.0015,640.8744,779.96
    FY 2026-2710,450.0068,200.0011,591.9933,187.97
    FY 2027-2810,450.0057,750.008,591.2224,596.75
    FY 2028-2910,450.0047,300.006,367.2518,229.50
    FY 2029-3010,450.0036,850.004,718.9913,510.51
    FY 2030-3110,450.0026,400.003,497.4110,013.10
    FY 2031-3210,450.0015,950.002,592.057,421.06
    FY 2032-3310,450.005,500.001,921.065,500.00
    In the illustration 1, the carrying value / residual value at the end of the life of the asset i.e., as at 31st March 2023 is Rs. 5,500/-, i.e., the same which was assumed at the time of derivation of depreciation rate. This means that both, the calculation of the rates of depreciation and the application of the rates of depreciation, are accurate.

    Illustration 2 – Asset Purchases in the middle of the FY and the Residual Value has been assumed at 5% of the cost of the asset

    Asset Cost (C)
    (In Rupees)
    1,10,000.00
    Residual Value
    (Assumed 5%) (S)
    (In Rupees)
    5,500.00
    Useful Life
    (In Years) (n)
    10
    Asset Addition Date01-02-2024
    Asset Life Ends At31-01-2034
    DepreciationSLMWDV
    Formula for computing the Rate{1-(S/C)}/n*100{1-[(S/C)^(1/n)]}*100
    Rate9.525.88655509
    Assumptions, If Any1. Asset Purchase at exactly in the Middle of the Year
    2. The Salvage Value / Residual Value is assumed at the Rate of 5% of Total Cost of Asset
    Year EndingCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on (C)
    Carrying AmountCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on WDV / Carrying Amount Immediately Preceding FY
    Carrying Amount
    FY 2023-24 (Two Months)1,741.671,08,258.334,745.871,05,254.13
    FY 2024-25 (Full FY)10,450.0097,808.3327,246.6778,007.46
    FY 2025-26 (Full FY)10,450.0087,358.3320,193.4457,814.02
    FY 2026-27 (Full FY)10,450.0076,908.3314,966.0642,847.96
    FY 2027-28 (Full FY)10,450.0066,458.3311,091.8631,756.10
    FY 2028-29 (Full FY)10,450.0056,008.338,220.5623,535.54
    FY 2029-30 (Full FY)10,450.0045,558.336,092.5417,443.00
    FY 2030-31 (Full FY)10,450.0035,108.334,515.3912,927.61
    FY 2031-32 (Full FY)10,450.0024,658.333,346.519,581.10
    FY 2032-33 (Full FY)10,450.0014,208.332,480.227,100.88
    FY 2033-34 (Ten Months)8,708.335,500.001,531.815,569.07
    In the illustration 2, in case of SLM
    The carrying value / residual value at the end of the life of the asset i.e., as at 31st March 2034 is Rs. 5,500/-, i.e., the same which was assumed at the time of derivation of depreciation rate. This means that both, the calculation of the rates of depreciation and the application of the rates of depreciation, are accurate.

    In the illustration 2, in case of WDV
    The carrying value / residual value at the end of the life of the asset i.e., as at 31st March 2034, is Rs. 5,569.70/-, which is different from the residual value assumed at the time of derivation of depreciation rate. This means that, though the calculation of the rate of depreciation is accurate, however, the application of the calculated rate of depreciation is not proper due to the reason that the derived WDV rate of depreciation is an annualized rate which should have been applied on the carrying WDV of the asset at the end of every one year from the date of its purchase and not from the end of a FY. In other words, the core problem is that the depreciation is applied to the asset’s value at the end of each fiscal year rather than its carrying value at the end of each year (from its purchase date). The corrected version has been represented in illustration 3.

    Illustration 3 – Corrected Version of illustration 2 (Asset Purchases in the middle of the FY and the Residual Value has been assumed at 5% of the cost of the asset)

    Asset Cost (C)
    (In Rupees)
    1,10,000.00Workings / Remarks for Corrected Version of Illustration 2
    Residual Value
    (Assumed 5%) (S)
    (In Rupees)
    5,500.00
    Useful Life
    (In Years) (n)
    10
    Asset Addition Date01-02-2024
    Asset Life Ends At31-01-2034
    DepreciationSLMWDV
    Formula for computing the Rate{1-(S/C)}/n*100{1-[(S/C)^(1/n)]}*100
    Rate9.525.88655509
    Assumptions, If Any1. Asset Purchase at exactly in the Middle of the Year
    2. The Salvage Value / Residual Value is assumed at the Rate of 5% of Total Cost of Asset
    Year EndingCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on (C)
    Carrying AmountCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on WDV / Carrying Amount Immediately Preceding FY
    (Depreciation on Part A + Part B)
    Carrying AmountCarrying Value for 1st Part of every FY till date of Purchase
    (PART A) – 10 Months
    Carrying Value for 2nd Part of FY After date of Purchase till the end of respective FY
    (PART B) – 2 Months
    Depreciation on Part ADepreciation on Part B
    FY 2023-24 (Two Months)1,741.671,08,258.334,745.871,05,254.131,10,000.004,745.87
    FY 2024-25 (Full FY)10,450.0097,808.3327,246.6778,007.461,10,000.0081,524.7923,729.343,517.33
    FY 2025-26 (Full FY)10,450.0087,358.3320,193.4457,814.0281,524.7960,420.8317,586.632,606.81
    FY 2026-27 (Full FY)10,450.0076,908.3314,966.0642,847.9660,420.8344,779.9613,034.061,932.00
    FY 2027-28 (Full FY)10,450.0066,458.3311,091.8631,756.1044,779.9633,187.979,659.991,431.87
    FY 2028-29 (Full FY)10,450.0056,008.338,220.5623,535.5433,187.9724,596.757,159.351,061.21
    FY 2029-30 (Full FY)10,450.0045,558.336,092.5417,443.0024,596.7518,229.505,306.04786.5
    FY 2030-31 (Full FY)10,450.0035,108.334,515.3912,927.6118,229.5013,510.513,932.49582.9
    FY 2031-32 (Full FY)10,450.0024,658.333,346.519,581.1013,510.5110,013.102,914.50432.01
    FY 2032-33 (Full FY)10,450.0014,208.332,480.227,100.8810,013.107,421.062,160.04320.18
    FY 2033-34 (Ten Months)8,708.335,500.001,600.885,500.007,421.065,500.001,600.88
    In the illustration 3, in case of WDV
    The carrying value / residual value at the end of the life of the asset i.e., as at 31st March 2034 now is Rs. 5,500/-, the same as the residual value assumed at the time of derivation of depreciation rate. This means that now both the calculation of the depreciation rate is accurate & its application is proper and precise.

    Illustration 4 – Asset purchased before 31/03/2014 i.e., before the application of the concept of Useful Life and transition of the depreciation thereof from the Companies Act 1956 to Companies Act 2013

    Asset Cost (C)
    (In Rupees)
    110,000.00
    Residual Value
    (Assumed 5%) (S)
    (In Rupees)
    5,500.00
    Useful Life
    (In Years) (n)
    10
    Useful Life
    Expired Till 31/03/2014
    2.25
    Useful Life Remaining
    After 31/03/2014
    7.75
    Asset Addition Date
    (MM/DD/YYYY)
    02-01-2012
    Transitional Year Started After
    (MM/DD/YYYY)
    31-03-2014
    Asset Life Ends At
    (MM/DD/YYYY)
    02-01-2022
    DepreciationSLMWDV
    Formula for computing the Rate{1-(S/C)}/n*100{1-[(S/C)^(1/n)]}*100
    Assumptions, If Any1. Asset Purchase on Addition Date
    2. The Salvage Value / Residual Value is assumed at the Rate of 5% of Total Cost of Asset
    Rates of Depreciation
    As Per the Companies Act 1956
    (In %)
    6.3318.10
    Rates of Depreciation
    As Per the Companies Act 2013
    (In %)
    12.1528.17
    Year EndingCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on (C)
    Carrying AmountCalculation of Depreciation
    Rate applied on WDV / Carrying Amount Immediately Preceding FY
    (Depreciation on Part A + Part B)
    Carrying Amount
    FY 2011-12 (Two Months)1,160.50108,839.503,318.33106,681.67
    FY 2012-13 (Full FY)6,963.00101,876.5019,309.3887,372.29
    FY 2013-14 (Full FY)6,963.0094,913.5015,814.3871,557.90
    Transition
    FY 2014-15 (Full FY)11,532.1383,381.3720,160.5151,397.40
    FY 2015-16 (Full FY)11,532.1371,849.2414,480.5536,916.85
    FY 2016-17 (Full FY)11,532.1360,317.1110,400.8426,516.01
    FY 2017-18 (Full FY)11,532.1348,784.987,470.5419,045.47
    FY 2018-19 (Full FY)11,532.1337,252.855,365.8113,679.66
    FY 2019-20 (Full FY)11,532.1325,720.723,854.069,825.59
    FY 2020-21 (Full FY)11,532.1314,188.592,768.237,057.36
    FY 2021-22 (Ten Months)

    From FY 2014-15 to FY 2020-21 is 7 Years

    FY 2021-22 assumed as fractional year equivalent to 0.75, which is making the Total Depreciable Period Left After Transition as 7.75… Years

    Therefore, the Calculation is Done as (WDV x Dep Rate X (7.75…-7)/1
    8,688.595,500.001,498.055,559.31
    Difference between the Residual Value Assumed and Residual Value Derived
    Due to the Following Reasons
    1. Transitional Fractional Depreciable Value
    2. Rounding Off
    0.0059.31
    In Illustration 4, the residual value is assumed at the rate of 5% of Original Cost (Not of the Carrying Value left as at 31/03/2014) as prescribed under Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013. However, the amount depreciated is the Carrying Amount / Depreciable Value as at 31/03/2014

    The Illustration excel / google sheet can be obtained from the following link

    https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hmepAefEYUOwwcJ2nRGgFByc77ofmoVQ_dICKd9W0gs/edit?usp=sharing

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